CN Lab Manual

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Practical 01

Aim: Introduction to data Transmission in network.

Exercise:

1. Write a program to convert character into binary and binary digits into character.

# Convert string to binary
string_input = input("Enter a string: ")
binary_output = ' '.join(format(ord(char), '08b') for char in string_input)
print("Binary value:", binary_output)
 
# Convert binary to string
binary_input = input("Enter binary (separate each 8-bit by space): ")
string_output = ''.join(chr(int(b, 2)) for b in binary_input.split())
print("String:", string_output)
 

Conclusion: This experiment shows how characters are converted to binary and back, which is the basic principle of data transmission in networks.

Practical 02

Aim: Study of networking devices

Exercise:

1. Define topology & list names of different topologies.

   • A network topology is the arrangement of devices and connections in a network. It defines how devices communicate and impacts performance and reliability. Common topologies include: Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree, and Hybrid.

2. List out different kinds of addresses at layers with example.

3. What does RJ45 stand for?

   • RJ45 stands for Registered Jack 45. It is a standard connector used for Ethernet cables to connect computers and networking devices.

4. Define mapping of:

   • ARP: Address Resolution Protocol; maps IP address → MAC address
   • RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol; maps MAC address → IP address

5. Difference between HUB and SWITCH?

Conclusion: This experiment helps understand basic networking devices, their functions, and addressing, which are essential for network communication.

Practical 03

Aim: To study various networking commands

Exercise:

1. Why we are using ping command?

   • The ping command is used to test the connectivity between two network devices. It checks whether a device (like a computer or server) is reachable over the network and measures the round-trip time for messages sent.

2. Explain arp command.

   • The arp (Address Resolution Protocol) command is used to view and manage the ARP table on a device. It shows the mapping between IP addresses and MAC addresses, helping in resolving network layer addresses to link layer addresses.

Conclusion: This experiment helps understand basic networking commands, their purpose, and how they assist in network troubleshooting and device communication.

Practical 04

Practical 05

Aim: Introduction to different types of wired transmission media

Exercise:

1. Compare different types of light sources used in optical fiber.

2. List out different types of wired media used in computer lab with their specifications.

   • Twisted Pair Cable (UTP/STP): Consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce interference. Used in LANs. Categories include Cat5e and Cat6. Maximum distance ~100m, speed up to 1 Gbps (Cat5e) and 10 Gbps (Cat6).

   • Coaxial Cable: Single copper conductor with insulating layer, metal shield, and outer insulation. Used in older networks and cable TV. Moderate bandwidth, distance up to 500m, resistant to interference.

   • Fiber Optic Cable: Uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as light pulses. Supports very high speeds (up to 100 Gbps), long distances (several kilometers), and is immune to electromagnetic interference. Used in backbone networks.

   • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Twisted pair cable with extra shielding to protect against electromagnetic interference. Slightly more expensive than UTP, used in industrial environments.

   • Ethernet Cable (Cat5e / Cat6 / Cat6a): Standard cable for LAN connections, supports high-speed data transmission. Cat5e: up to 1 Gbps, Cat6: up to 10 Gbps for short distances. Easy to install and widely used in labs.

3. Give difference between following:

(A) Twisted Pair Cable and Coaxial Cable

(B) Twisted Pair Cable and Fiber Optic Cable

(C) Fiber Optic Cable and Coaxial Cable

(D) Wired Communication and Wireless Communication

Conclusion: This experiment helps understand different types of wired transmission media, their characteristics, applications, and the key differences between various cables and communication methods, which are essential for designing and maintaining efficient networks.