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PHP Lab Manual

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Practical 01

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to display a welcome message

Description: This program uses PHP’s echo statement to display a welcome message on the web page.

Code:

<?php
echo "Welcome to PHP Programming!";
?>

Output:

Welcome to PHP Programming!

Conclusion: We learned how to display text using the echo statement in PHP.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to demonstrate arithmetic operator, comparison operator, logical operator and Bitwise operator.

Description: This program demonstrates four categories of operators in PHP:

Arithmetic Operators for basic mathematical calculations.
Comparison Operators to compare values.
Logical Operators for combining conditions.
Bitwise Operators for bit-level operations.

Code:

<?php
$a = 10; $b = 5;
 
// Arithmetic Operators
echo "Arithmetic:<br>";
echo "$a + $b = ".($a+$b)."<br>";
echo "$a - $b = ".($a-$b)."<br>";
echo "$a * $b = ".($a*$b)."<br>";
echo "$a / $b = ".($a/$b)."<br>";
echo "$a % $b = ".($a%$b)."<br><br>";
 
// Comparison Operators
echo "Comparison:<br>";
echo "Equal? ".var_export($a==$b,true)."<br>";
echo "Not Equal? ".var_export($a!=$b,true)."<br>";
echo "Greater? ".var_export($a>$b,true)."<br>";
echo "Less/Equal? ".var_export($a<=$b,true)."<br><br>";
 
// Logical Operators
echo "Logical:<br>";
echo "Both > 0? ".var_export(($a>0)&&($b>0),true)."<br>";
echo "Any > 0? ".var_export(($a>0)||($b<0),true)."<br>";
echo "Not > 0? ".var_export(!($a>0),true)."<br><br>";
 
// Bitwise Operators
echo "Bitwise:<br>";
echo "$a & $b = ".($a & $b)."<br>";
echo "$a | $b = ".($a | $b)."<br>";
echo "$a ^ $b = ".($a ^ $b)."<br>";
echo "$a << 1 = ".($a << 1)."<br>";
echo "$a >> 1 = ".($a >> 1)."<br>";
?>

Output:

Arithmetic:
10 + 5 = 15
10 - 5 = 5
10 * 5 = 50
10 / 5 = 2
10 % 5 = 0
 
Comparison:
Equal? false
Not Equal? true
Greater? true
Less/Equal? false
 
Logical:
Both > 0? true
Any > 0? true
Not > 0? false
 
Bitwise:
10 & 5 = 0
10 | 5 = 15
10 ^ 5 = 15
10 << 1 = 20
10 >> 1 = 5

Conclusion: We successfully demonstrated arithmetic, comparison, logical, and bitwise operators in PHP.

Post Practical Questions:

Question	Answer
1. What will the output of `echo "Welcome to PHP Programming!";` be?	C) Welcome to PHP Programming!
2. What will `Sa + Sb` output if `Sa = 10` and `Sb = 57`?	D) 105
3. Which operator is used to compare two values for equality in PHP?	(c)==
4. What is the output of `10 % 3` in PHP?	A) 1
5. What does the `&&` operator do in PHP?	A) Logical AND

Practical 02

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to find out whether a given number is even or odd.

Description: This program takes a number, checks the remainder when divided by 2 using the modulus operator (%), and determines whether it is even or odd.

Code:

<?php
$num = 7;
 
if ($num % 2 == 0) {
    echo "$num is Even";
} else {
    echo "$num is Odd";
}
?>

Output:

7 is Odd

Conclusion: We learned how to check whether a number is even or odd using the modulus operator in PHP.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to check whether a given number is prime.

Description: This program takes a number and checks if it is divisible by any number other than 1 and itself. If not, it is considered a prime number.

Code:

<?php
$num = 13;
$isPrime = true;
 
if ($num <= 1) {
    $isPrime = false;
} else {
    for ($i = 2; $i <= sqrt($num); $i++) {
        if ($num % $i == 0) {
            $isPrime = false;
            break;
        }
    }
}
 
if ($isPrime) {
    echo "$num is Prime";
} else {
    echo "$num is Not Prime";
}
?>

Output:

13 is Prime

Conclusion: We learned how to check if a number is prime by testing divisibility from 2 to the square root of the number in PHP.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which of the following conditions checks if a number is even?	C) $num % 2 == 0
2. Which is the correct way to check if a number is odd in PHP?	A) if ($num % 2 == 1)
3. What is the modulus operator used for in PHP?	C) Remainder
4. Which of the following is a prime number?	C) 11
5. What is the smallest prime number?	C) 2

Practical 03

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to print Fibonacci series.

Description: This program generates the Fibonacci series, where each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. The first two numbers are 0 and 1.

Code:

<?php
$n = 10;
$a = 0;
$b = 1;
 
echo "Fibonacci Series: ";
for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
    echo $a . " ";
    $next = $a + $b;
    $a = $b;
    $b = $next;
}
?>

Output:

Fibonacci Series: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

Conclusion: We learned how to generate the Fibonacci series using a loop in PHP.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to generate results and display grade.

Description: This program calculates the percentage from marks and assigns a grade based on the percentage range.

Code:

<?php
$marks = [85, 78, 92, 74, 88]; // marks in 5 subjects
$total = array_sum($marks);
$percentage = $total / count($marks);
 
echo "Total Marks: $total<br>";
echo "Percentage: $percentage%<br>";
 
if ($percentage >= 90) {
    $grade = "A+";
} elseif ($percentage >= 80) {
    $grade = "A";
} elseif ($percentage >= 70) {
    $grade = "B";
} elseif ($percentage >= 60) {
    $grade = "C";
} else {
    $grade = "Fail";
}
 
echo "Grade: $grade";
?>

Output:

Total Marks: 417
Percentage: 83.4%
Grade: A

Conclusion: We learned how to calculate the percentage and assign grades based on conditions in PHP.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. What are the first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence?	B) 0 and 1
2. In a Fibonacci loop, which formula calculates the next term?	A) $f3 = $f1 + $f2
3. How many terms will this code print: `for ($i = 3; $i <= 10; $i++)`?	A) 7
4. What will be the output for `$marks = 45` (grade)?	C) F
5. Which control structure is used to assign grades in the result script?	C) if-else

Practical 04

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to find the maximum number out of three given numbers.

Description: This program compares three given numbers using conditional statements and finds the maximum value.

Code:

<?php
$a = 15;
$b = 25;
$c = 10;
 
$max = $a;
 
if ($b > $max) {
    $max = $b;
}
if ($c > $max) {
    $max = $c;
}
 
echo "The maximum number among $a, $b, and $c is: $max";
?>

Output:

The maximum number among 15, 25, and 10 is: 25

Conclusion: We learned how to compare multiple numbers and find the maximum using conditional statements in PHP.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to calculate the factorial of a number.

Description: This program calculates the factorial of a number using a loop. The factorial of a number n is the product of all positive integers from 1 to n.

Code:

<?php
$num = 5;
$fact = 1;
 
for ($i = 1; $i <= $num; $i++) {
    $fact *= $i;
}
 
echo "Factorial of $num is: $fact";
?>

Output:

Factorial of 5 is: 120

Conclusion: We learned how to calculate the factorial of a number using loops in PHP.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which PHP function returns the largest number among multiple arguments?	A) max()
2. What is the value of 5 factorial (5!)?	C) 120
3. Which statement correctly initializes factorial in PHP before a loop?	B) $fact = 1;
4. Which built-in PHP extension is used for large factorials?	C) bcmath
5. What will happen if a factorial recursive function has no base condition?	C) It will cause infinite recursion

Practical 05

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to print the multiplication table of a number using a for loop.

Description:
This program takes a number and uses a for loop to display its multiplication table from 1 to 10.

Code:

<?php
$num = 5; // change number as needed
 
echo "Multiplication Table of $num:<br>";
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
    echo "$num x $i = " . ($num * $i) . "<br>";
}
?>

Output:

Multiplication Table of 5:
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
5 x 10 = 50

Conclusion:
We learned how to use a for loop to generate a multiplication table in PHP.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to print the following pattern for a given number:

Description:
This program uses nested loops to print a pattern where each line prints an increasing sequence of numbers.

Code:

<?php
$n = 5; // number of lines
 
for ($i = 1; $i <= $n; $i++) {
    for ($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++) {
        echo $j;
    }
    echo "<br>";
}
?>

Output:

Conclusion:
We learned how to use nested loops in PHP to generate number patterns.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which loop is used when the number of iterations is known in PHP?	C) for
2. Which keyword is used to exit a loop prematurely in PHP?	D) break
3. In nested loops for a triangle pattern, the outer loop controls:	C) Number of rows
4. What will be the first line of output of the given pattern code?	C) 1
5. What is the purpose of the inner loop in the pattern program?	C) It prints numbers in each row

Practical 06

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to demonstrate a user-defined function.

Description:
This program defines a custom function in PHP that takes parameters, processes them, and returns a result. User-defined functions help in code reusability and organization.

Code:

<?php
// User-defined function to add two numbers
function addNumbers($x, $y) {
    return $x + $y;
}
 
$a = 10;
$b = 20;
$sum = addNumbers($a, $b);
 
echo "The sum of $a and $b is: $sum";
?>

Output:

The sum of 10 and 20 is: 30

Conclusion:
We learned how to create and use a user-defined function in PHP for reusability and better code structure.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to demonstrate the use of switch case.

Description:
This program uses a switch statement to execute different blocks of code based on the value of a variable.

Code:

<?php
$day = 3; // 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc.
 
switch ($day) {
    case 1:
        echo "Monday";
        break;
    case 2:
        echo "Tuesday";
        break;
    case 3:
        echo "Wednesday";
        break;
    case 4:
        echo "Thursday";
        break;
    case 5:
        echo "Friday";
        break;
    case 6:
        echo "Saturday";
        break;
    case 7:
        echo "Sunday";
        break;
    default:
        echo "Invalid day number!";
}
?>

Output:

Wednesday

Conclusion:
We learned how to use the switch statement in PHP to select and execute code blocks based on variable values.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which keyword is used to declare a user-defined function in PHP?	B) function
2. What is the correct syntax to define a function in PHP?	B) function myFunc() {}
3. How do you call a function named greetUser with one argument "John"?	D) greetUser("John")
4. What does a return statement do in a PHP function?	D) Sends back a value
5. What is the scope of a variable declared inside a PHP function?	C) Local

Practical 07

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to demonstrate string functions.

Description: This program demonstrates commonly used string functions in PHP such as strlen(), strrev(), strtoupper(), strtolower(), and substr().

Code:

<?php
$str = "Hello PHP";
 
echo "Original String: $str<br>";
echo "Length: " . strlen($str) . "<br>";
echo "Reverse: " . strrev($str) . "<br>";
echo "Uppercase: " . strtoupper($str) . "<br>";
echo "Lowercase: " . strtolower($str) . "<br>";
echo "Substring (0-5): " . substr($str, 0, 5) . "<br>";
?>

Output:

Original String: Hello PHP
Length: 9
Reverse: PHP olleH
Uppercase: HELLO PHP
Lowercase: hello php
Substring (0-5): Hello

Conclusion: We learned how to use different string functions in PHP to manipulate and analyze text.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP program to display the current date and time.

Description: This program uses PHP’s date() function to display the current date and time in different formats.

Code:

<?php
date_default_timezone_set("Asia/Kolkata"); // Set timezone
echo "Current Date: " . date("d-m-Y") . "<br>";
echo "Current Time: " . date("h:i:s A") . "<br>";
?>

Output:

Current Date: 08-08-2025
Current Time: 10:45:30 AM

Conclusion: We learned how to use the date() function in PHP to display the current date and time.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which function returns the length of a string?	C) strlen()
2. Which function is used to convert a string to uppercase in PHP?	B) strtoupper()
3. What does `strrev("PHP")` return?	A) PHP
4. Which function replaces a word in a string?	C) str_replace()
5. Which function is used to display the current date in PHP?	B) date()
6. Which format returns the year in 4 digits in `date()` function?	C) Y

Practical 08

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to demonstrate math functions.

Description: This program demonstrates PHP’s built-in math functions such as abs(), sqrt(), pow(), round(), ceil(), and floor().

Code:

<?php
$num = -15.7;
 
echo "Absolute: " . abs($num) . "<br>";
echo "Square Root of 16: " . sqrt(16) . "<br>";
echo "2 power 5: " . pow(2, 5) . "<br>";
echo "Round: " . round($num) . "<br>";
echo "Ceil: " . ceil($num) . "<br>";
echo "Floor: " . floor($num) . "<br>";
?>

Output:

Absolute: 15.7
Square Root of 16: 4
2 power 5: 32
Round: -16
Ceil: -15
Floor: -16

Conclusion: We learned how to use PHP’s built-in mathematical functions for calculations.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP program to sort an array in ascending order.

Description: This program sorts an array in ascending order using PHP’s sort() function.

Code:

<?php
$numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1, 7];
 
sort($numbers); // Ascending order
 
echo "Sorted Array: ";
foreach ($numbers as $num) {
    echo $num . " ";
}
?>

Output:

Sorted Array: 1 2 5 7 9

Conclusion: We learned how to use the sort() function in PHP to arrange array elements in ascending order.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. What does `abs(-5)` return?	C) 5
2. Which PHP function returns the square root of a number?	B) sqrt()
3. What is the output of `pow(3, 2)`?	C) 9
4. What does `round(4.6)` return?	C) 5
5. Which function returns the lowest integer greater than or equal to the number?	A) ceil()
6. Which function generates a random number in PHP?	C) rand()
7. What does `floor(5.9)` return?	B) 5

Practical 09

Aim: (A) Write a PHP program to demonstrate super global variables ($_GET, $_POST, $_SERVER).

Description: This program demonstrates how to use PHP super global variables:

$_GET to collect data from the URL.
$_POST to collect form data securely.
$_SERVER to get server and execution environment details.

Code:

<!-- save this file as superglobals.php -->
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
    $name = $_POST['name'];
    echo "Hello (POST): $name <br>";
}
 
if (isset($_GET['name'])) {
    echo "Hello (GET): " . $_GET['name'] . "<br>";
}
 
echo "Server Name: " . $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] . "<br>";
echo "Request Method: " . $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] . "<br>";
?>
<hr>
<form method="post">
    Enter Name (POST): <input type="text" name="name">
    <input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<hr>
<a href="superglobals.php?name=John">Click for GET Example</a>

Output:

Hello (POST): [Name entered in form]
Hello (GET): John
Server Name: localhost
Request Method: GET

Conclusion: We learned how to use $_GET, $_POST, and $_SERVER to collect and display data in PHP.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to upload a file and display the uploaded file information.

Description: This program uses the $_FILES super global to upload a file and then displays its name, type, and size.

Code:

<!-- save this file as upload.php -->
<?php
if (isset($_FILES['file'])) {
    $fileName = $_FILES['file']['name'];
    $fileType = $_FILES['file']['type'];
    $fileSize = $_FILES['file']['size'];
 
    // Move file to uploads folder
    move_uploaded_file($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'], "uploads/" . $fileName);
 
    echo "File Uploaded Successfully!<br>";
    echo "File Name: $fileName<br>";
    echo "File Type: $fileType<br>";
    echo "File Size: " . ($fileSize / 1024) . " KB<br>";
}
?>
<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    Select file: <input type="file" name="file">
    <input type="submit" value="Upload">
</form>

Output:

File Uploaded Successfully!
File Name: example.jpg
File Type: image/jpeg
File Size: 120 KB

Conclusion: We learned how to upload a file using $_FILES and display the file’s information in PHP.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which PHP superglobal variable is used to collect form data sent with the GET method?	B) `$_GET`
2. Which PHP superglobal variable holds information about the current script and server environment?	C) `$_SERVER`
3. Which attribute must be added to a `<form>` tag to enable file uploads?	B) `enctype="multipart/form-data"`
4. What is the temporary location of an uploaded file accessible through PHP?	B) `$_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"]`
5. What will `$_SERVER['PHP_SELF']` return?	A) The current script's filename

Practical 10

Aim: (A) Write a PHP script to process a form and display user input

Description: This program demonstrates how to collect data from an HTML form using the POST method and then process and display the user’s input using PHP.

Code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Form Processing</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h2>User Input Form</h2>
    <form method="post" action="">
        Name: <input type="text" name="username"><br><br>
        Email: <input type="email" name="email"><br><br>
        <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
    </form>
 
    <?php
    if(isset($_POST['submit'])){
        $name = $_POST['username'];
        $email = $_POST['email'];
 
        echo "<h3>User Input:</h3>";
        echo "Name: " . htmlspecialchars($name) . "<br>";
        echo "Email: " . htmlspecialchars($email);
    }
    ?>
</body>
</html>

Output:

The browser will display a form asking for Name and Email.
After submission, it will show:

  User Input:
  Name: Nick
  Email: nick@example.com

Conclusion: We successfully created a PHP script that processes a form using the POST method and displays the user’s input securely.

Aim: (B) Write a PHP script to set and get a cookie

Description: This program demonstrates how to set a cookie with PHP and then retrieve its value to display on the page.

Code:

<?php
// Setting a cookie (name, value, expire time)
setcookie("user", "Nick", time() + (86400 * 7), "/"); // expires in 7 days
?>
 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Cookie Example</title>
</head>
<body>
    <?php
    if(isset($_COOKIE["user"])) {
        echo "Cookie Value: " . $_COOKIE["user"];
    } else {
        echo "Cookie is not set yet. Refresh the page to see it.";
    }
    ?>
</body>
</html>

Output:

On the first load:

Cookie is not set yet. Refresh the page to see it.

After refresh (or next visit within 7 days):

Cookie Value: Nick

Conclusion: We successfully created a PHP script to set a cookie and retrieve its value for display.

Post Practical Questions

Question	Answer
1. Which method is used to send form data securely?	B) POST
2. Which function is used to prevent XSS in user inputs?	A) `htmlspecialchars()`
3. What will `$_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]` return when a form is submitted via POST?	B) POST
4. Which function retrieves a cookie in PHP?	B) $_COOKIE
5. What happens if a cookie is not found?	C) $_COOKIE returns null or not set

PHP Lab Manual

Table of Contents

Practical 01

Post Practical Questions:

Practical 02

Post Practical Questions

Practical 03

Post Practical Questions

Practical 04

Post Practical Questions

Practical 05

Post Practical Questions

Practical 06

Post Practical Questions

Practical 07

Post Practical Questions

Practical 08

Post Practical Questions

Practical 09

Post Practical Questions

Practical 10

Post Practical Questions